Why alumina is left out: A study unpacks the logic behind CBAM exclusion

The European Union’s hallmark policy in the view of equitable trade and environment protection—the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)—seems fair on the surface, as long as its framework remains focused on preventing carbon leakage and blocking the influx of cheap, high-emission goods into the domestic market. Under CBAM, a carbon price is levied on imported goods, aligned with the carbon costs EU producers incur under the Emission Trading System (ETS).

That sounds like a just deal for domestic producers, ensuring a level playing field. But what about EU-headquartered companies that relocated their operations abroad to escape carbon taxes? Here's where the issue arises as these companies will be required to purchase certificates that reflect the carbon emissions embedded in their imported goods. This adds a cost burden, raising concerns among these businesses about increasing production expenses.